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Marine livestock collection’s effect on global reef health

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muro-ami-3_fe6gV_16638Human or anthropogenic threats to coral reefs have been well documented for the past several years. Suddenly, there appears to be a surge in both research and legislative action regarding how human activities affect coral reefs. Here in Maryland, the health of the Chesapeake Bay has been a controversial topic and an issue that many politicians didn’t address in the past. Sensitive bay watersheds have been effected by both urban sprawl and large factory farms, who produce phosphorous rich run-off responsible for creating dead-zones within the once sea life rich bay. In the past four years ample political clout has been thrown into cleaning up the bay, with the formation of a Chesapeake Bay preservation trust, made up of scientists and ecology experts and funded via the tax payer. The results have been promising, as areas of the bay are showing signs of recovery and species that have been avoiding the waterway for years are starting to return.  Threats to coral reefs often lie outside the jurisdiction of state or federal agencies, as they exist in remote areas. Agencies are limited to controlling what imports arrive stateside, which have contributed to coral reef degeneration. To make matters worse, the residents of these island nations often have little economic opportunity, relying on their reefs as a source of income generation. Corporations from around the world have abused this reality, paying islanders insignificant wages to harvest animals for both the aquarium trade and the seafood industry. Even worse, corporations have harvested building materials from the reef, which often pushes acre upon acre of coral reef to complete devastation. Fish-CatchAs sustainability progresses dialogue among advanced marine aquarists, it’s important for hobbyists to know where the reef aquarium trade (and eventually hobby) ranks among the myriad of anthropogenic stressors to coral reef health. The marine livestock industry often reminds hobbyists that the pressure they place on coral reefs is meniscal when compared to other industries. I think many marine aquarists would be surprised to learn that the collection of marine livestock ranks as one of the top human caused stressors to coral reef ecosystems. Both regulatory agencies and conservation outlets have been monitoring the collection of marine livestock for some time and report a series of abuses from various links in the supply chain. To help aquarists become aware of what anthropogenic activities are threatening coral reefs, I’ve compiled a list starting with the most severe on down, placing the collection of livestock on the list, in the area where most agencies believe it belongs.… More:

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A Sad Day For Shedd Aquarium

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DolphinThe Shedd Aquarium said goodbye to it’s oldest, white sided dolphin on Friday Tique, who was 30 years old, had been with the aquarium since 1991. Tique was suffering from kidney disease and was euthanized by the aquarium after many years of unsuccessful treatment . White sided dolphins normally live between 20 to 40 years of age and are found in the North Pacific. Working at public aquariums for much of my career, the decision to euthanize animals has always been a difficult one. At what point do you decide whether an animal is better off being kept alive in a less than humane way and how do you decide whether euthanasia is appropriate? The American Association of Zoo’s and Aquariums has published guidelines for Zoo and Aquarium’s on medical practices of Euthanasia. As for the controversial topic of keeping cetaceans in captivity, I am a huge believer that when kept in appropriate sized pools and under AZA approved conditions, these animals are a great ambassador for their species which foster understanding and compassion for all marine animals. MOREMore:

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Life Discovered Under Antartica’s Ice

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antarctica-fish-ross-ice_88132_990x742 Scientists have discovered an abundance of life living under Antarctica’s Ross Ice Shelf. It had been believed that nothing could survive under Antarctica until recently. With the ice sheet over 30 feet deep, and temperatures below freezing and no sunlight, it is shocking to find out there is flourishing life. The Ocean never stops amazing me.The discovery comes from the Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling Project (WISSARD). The project was the first to drill through the layers of ice to reveal the flourishing life underneath. The discovery was made using a custom built robot which was lowered into the hole that was drilled through the ice. This is the first discovery of the grounding zone of Antarctic Glacier and provides a surprising discovery and possibility of marine life in unexpected places. MOREMore:

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Water Chemistry

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Optimal water chemistry is much more than a set of perfect numbers.  It is an over all balance of many minerals, as well as an ability to maintain stability over long periods of time.  When excellent water chemistry is achieved you can see it in the animals.  The polyps may be a bit larger and extended, new active growth tips will form more quickly, or the corals will just have that extra glow or sparkle that the observant reef keeper will appreciate.  Testing often and paying attention to details will train you to be able to see when parameters are beginning to skew.  After many years, I began to see various cues  when testing that helped me form opinions as to why the corals looked better or worse on a given day.  I started to realize where the sweet spot was for levels and began to shoot for stability of these various parameters rather then chasing that perfect number.  Through the years, opinions on where one should keep these numbers varied greatly as more knowledge was provided to the hobby.  At one time it was believed that keeping elevated alkalinity or calcium was the best practice.  More recently the trend to keeping these closer to natural sea water levels has been more popular.  Finding that perfect number or sweet spot takes time and patience.  Close observation will help you master this and then the ability to keep it very stable becomes most important.  Rather then give you a specific set of parameter to follow here I would suggest to strive for stability and shoot for levels as close to natural sea water as possible.… More:

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Decisions, Decisions: New SAIA Tool Can Help Stock Your Nano Reef

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Focusing on nano tanks, AquarioScenario is a new tool from the SAIA. Along the lines of their existing FishSelector, this interface offers the aquarium hobbyist guidance on selecting organisms for stocking a tank in an ethical and sustainable way, while avoiding impulse buying. AquarioScenario also incorporates the SAIAs ‘Lists of Unsuitable and UnsustainableSpecies’, and ensures the combinations of marine life suggested are suitable and compatible, considering not only size, but also behaviour and needs of the species. So, if you are feeling overwhelmed with the many decisions to make and options to choose from when planning your small reef, AquarioScenario can assist by suggesting possible combinations of marine life for each tank size range, while still ensuring an interesting display.

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Sweet Coral Hind! A Colorful, Aquarium-Sized Grouper

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Coral Hind or Miniatus grouper (Cephalopholis miniata)The name “grouper” conjures up images of underwater behemoths that no home aquarium can conceivably accommodate, such as the legendary goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara). Fortunately, marine aquarium hobbyists who have a yen for these hefty predators can find several attractive, aquarium-sized species in the genus Cephalopholis, including the justifiably popular miniata grouper (C. miniata), aka the coral hind. Physical traitsC. miniata has a robust, bass-like body shape. It’s a mottled orange-red to scarlet in base color with myriad small, closely spaced, light-blue polka dots all over its body and fins.

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Reef Threads Plus #1

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We are very pleased to present our first podcast in a new monthly series we’re calling Reef Threads Plus. In these podcasts we’ll choose a single topic and discuss it in depth with experts/knowledgeable people. For our first Plus podcast, Ben Johnson, Ret Talbot, and Jim Walters discuss what the hobby will be like if we reach a point at which we are no longer able to collect/import reef animals. As always, you can download the podcast here, or subscribe to our podcasts at iTunes. Also, follow us on Twitter @reefthreads. We hope you enjoy our new series, find it thought provoking, and will share it with others.—Gary and Christine

Ben Johnson, Captive Aquatic Ecosystems
Ben Johnson’s Captive Aquatic Ecosystems website

Ret Talbot’s Good Catch Blog
Ret Talbot’s Good Catch Blog

Jim Walters’ Old Town Aquarium
Jim Walters’ Old Town Aquarium website

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Do fish feel pain?

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262627303It’s long been touted that fish don’t feel pain. Aquarists may argue this point on both sides of the line. Some may believe that fish feel an entire array of emotions, while others would assume that physical responses to stimulus are autonomic, taking place without any subjective “feeling” driving them. As we move through the 21st century animal behavior science is gaining new traction. As stewards of a variety of our animal kingdom cousins, scientists believe it’s vital that we understand the conscious capacity within them, in an effort to understand how to better create a comfortable life in captivity. Notions about animal consciousness and feeling are often very different when looking at various species. For example, people often view the conscious capacity of dogs or cats, different than that of snakes or spiders. As science progresses, allowing for physical representations of conscious functions to be measured (using MRI and brain scans) we are learning that animals likely experience a vast array of subjective emotions, and species that lack a neocortex (such as fish) use different physiological features and organs to serve the same role.    Pain and fish: This topic has been a scientific taboo for many years. Since fish lack many of the brain sectors associated with pain, discomfort and self-awareness, researchers simply assumed all their behavior was autonomic, not unlike a comatose patient flinching when touched with ice. Yes, there were physical responses to stimulus, but they were merely instinctive and reactive, there was no thought and certainly no feeling behind them. butterflyfish-undersea_18354_990x742Today however, further research has shown that while fish lack a neocortex, their lateral line system combined with other organs play an advanced role in fish behavior. Researchers first wanted to learn if marine fish would choose a positive action, over one that would cause pain. In this trial, fish were exposed to a mild electric shock when they performed a certain action. Performing the same action another way, didn’t result in electric shock. Very quickly, the fish learned that one action caused discomfort and the other didn’t. While it may seem like this isn’t any breakthrough, in reality it is. If fish simply functioned on instinctual behavior, without a feeling or memory of pain, then they would perform an action the same way over and over again, reacting to the stimuli when it took place. Their capacity to remember that this caused discomfort wouldn’t exist.… More:

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Scientists ask fish to be included in moral circle of compassion.

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upside_down_tangDuring my last post, I addressed the question of whether or not fish feel pain and have a conscious mind capable of seeking pleasure or feeling emotional stress. I want to expand on this topic, based on another scientific paper which includes more information and research, asking the question whether or not fish should be included in our moral circle of sentient animals and provided protection under the law. Yesterday’s post was based on a scientific paper by Dr. Stephanie Cottee and the information shared today borrows from a paper by Culum Brown and Dr. Marc Bekoff Fish intelligence, consciousness and ability to feel pain has long been written off as implausible, based on physiological differences between fish, mammals and especially human beings. Since some aquarists are scuba divers, we may forget that a large majority of the population will never experience fish behavior in the wild. Those of us working with marine animals know that they form complex social hierarchies, have interesting brooding and parental habits and display behavior indicative of long term memory. All of these factors have been scientifically studied, leading researchers to believe that fish are sentient (self-aware) animals, which possess a wide range of emotions. In fact, according to Culum Brown in his paper Fish Intelligence, Sentience and Ethics – fish have far more in common emotionally with human beings, than other animals within the animal kingdom. Research has shown that fish behavior includes a wide array of sophisticated behaviors, even showing signs of Machiavellian intelligence (political and social intelligence often attributed to humans and primates). sorting the catch songklaScientists have also documented the use of tools in various fish species. Many aquarists are aware of fish using physical adaptations as tools, such as a triggerfish using a jet-stream of water to flip over a snail or sea urchin. If scientifically there is every reason to believe that fish are sentient beings, capable of suffering and emotion, then why are the same protections offered too many animals not applied to fish. Brown notes that public perception and opinion is often what decides legislative outcomes, and sways the majority in making preconceived notions about animal conscious. As I said earlier, most people have never observed fish behavior in the wild. Sadly, the only time people have had a personal relationship with fish, is when they are on a plate. Fish live in the aquatic medium, so their style of communication is entirely different than that of humans.… More:

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“Ocean Gravity”– The Parallels of Sea and Space

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 “Just like in the space, there isn’t anymore a top or a bottom. There isn’t anymore upside down and wrong side out. The ocean becomes cosmos, the man a satellite, and the bottom of the sea an unknown planet. Welcome in the fascinating universe of Ocean Gravity” – Guillaume Néry When diving, once you achieve neutral buoyancy, you get to a point where you experience a feeling of complete weightlessness – a calming, spatial freedom – you’re simply suspended there. In the depths of Tiputa – Rangiroa, French Polynesia, a commanding drift draws French, record-holding freediver, Guillaume Néry, swiftly over the seabed. Markedly, no special effects were employed to create this seemingly otherworldly short film titled “Ocean Gravity”, beautifully captured by underwater cameraman (and Néry’s girlfriend) Julie Gautier. CRSexs_xMore:

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Review: TMC EASI-Dose 3 Programmable Dosing System

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Although they’ve been used on reef systems for many years, peristaltic dosing pumps (or ‘peri’ pumps) have become a much more common sight in the last few years being integral to a number of relatively new supplementation regimes. Whereas once, a single peri pump with no particular control, slaving away in some far corner of a cabinet was the norm, modern units offer multiple pumps, digital control, slave options and a range of other features. One such unit is the EASI-Dose from TMC which we look at in this review. Part of a much wider ‘system’ aimed at advanced reef-keepers, the EASI-Dose 3 is, as the name suggests, a triple pump dosing unit. Also in the REEF range by TMC, we have single and double pump units (EASI-Dose 1 and 2 respectively), a 4 pump slave unit, and there are also bespoke shelves for each pump plus a container system which comes in different sizes and can handle aggressive chemicals. In terms of modularity, taking the EASI-Dose 3 as an example, you could feasibly connect 2 slave units to this ‘master’ giving you 11 pump heads in total… easily enough to cover a vast range of systems

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The Marine Aquarist’s Greatest Asset

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Patience, much like in many other aspects of the hobby, is important to creating a thriving coral gardenIf someone were to ask you (perhaps with a gun held to your head, as is so often the case in these hypothetical scenarios) to identify the one thing that no aspiring marine aquarist should be without, what would your answer be? A top-of-the-line protein skimmer? The best synthetic sea salt mix on the market? An exceptional water-flow scheme? A high-tech controller to monitor and maintain proper water parameters? While state-of-the-art gear helps make a successful marine aquarium more attainable to the average person, the most important tool for any hobbyist is something you can’t buy at your LFS or on the internet. Rather, it’s a personality trait that you’re either born with or must learn to practice: patience

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Mystic Aquarium Transforms Debris Into Energy

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coventaThe Mystic Aquarium has partnered with Covanta Energy to create a new exhibit called Covanta Cove. The mission of public aquariums around the world is to educate visitors and deliver a strong green message that supports conserving and protecting our oceans. The new interactive Coventa Cove exhibit is designed to educate visitors about how discarded marine debris can be turned into clean energy. Covanta Cove is the aquarium’s latest effort to raise awareness about the problem of marine debris. Washed Ashore, an exhibit of large sculptures made from marine debris, has been on display since late last year. MOREMore:

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Trust me! I have tanks! An overview of my personal tanks.

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tank.overview.useI recently read a reefing blog that suggested some Internet and magazine “experts” didn’t own an aquarium, and were simply copying the success of other reef keepers to develop an online or print persona as an aquarium expert. I have commented in the past that I greatly question the quality of advice thrown around on open forums, even some offered by site administrators and moderators. I can say, I’ve known many experts on marine life that didn’t keep an aquarium, but greatly aided me in my success as an aquarist. This includes research scientists on up to people like Ken Nedimeyer of the Reef Preservation program on Key Largo, FL. acan.2.edited As I was reading the post, I realized that I very seldom post any photos of my personal aquariums. In reality, if you aren’t my friend on Facebook, it’s unlikely you would even realize I have tanks, even though I mention them from time to time in my writing. In an effort to prevent falling into the “expert” without a tank designation, I’ve decided to talk about my own personal systems, with all the pictures in this post being of my personal tanks. I will say; a lack of pictures of my tanks is more because of my poor photography skills, not my skills keeping marine life healthy. My entire fish-room is built around a goal of sustainability, from how water is discarded on up to individual animal health. Instead of discussing that here, the sustainability procedures I’ve put in place are better explained in a post of their own. Overall:tank.overview.fish.onlyMy personal tanks total 500 gallons, including the 60-gallon sump that feeds and filters my fish only tank. I opted for three separate tanks, based on various events in my reef-keeping career, which led me toward that decision. I built my house in 2012, and designed the entire basement level as a fish room. In addition to the display tanks, I have dual 55-gallon tanks that serve as a quarantine system, and a 55-gallon that acts as the fish room hospital. Reef Tank: 120 gallonsacan.3.editedThis tank is an Innovative Marine Nuvo SR 120. I opted for this particular tank for several reasons, one being that I wanted something simple to set-up that could easily be changed as I am often attempting new methodologies. The nuvo serves that purpose well, as the basic core (main pumps, overflow) is suited to the tank size and requires almost zero maintenance.… More:

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Reef Threads Podcast #215

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This is what Christine did while recording the podcast. Stunning, isn’t it?

Another week, another podcast. This week’s topics include Reef Threads Plus, Christine’s new lights, hair-care products, old saws, reasons to under stock, and coral recovery in Hawaii. Download the podcast here, or subscribe to our podcasts at iTunes. Also, follow us on Twitter at reefthreads.—Gary and Christine

Rock poundage
How much rock?, Zephryn100, Reef Central

Don’t panic
Reefkeeping is NOT under attack, Leonard Ho, Advanced Aquarist

Bleaching recovery
Most of Hawaii’s coral recover from mass bleaching: DNR study, Chicago Tribune/AP

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Deltec Announces Expansion of Their DC Skimmer Lineup

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Deltec is making a few nice moves here in 2015, adding a trio of new skimmers to their popular SC lineup. And in similar fashion to their October 2014 release of the SC 1660, all three of these new skimmers will feature DC controllable pumps. The new skimmers will be the SC 1351, SC 1456, and the SC 2061, all internal models of course, and their addition brings the total number of Deltec’s DC skimmers up to four. Beyond the new pumps, there’s really not much that has changed. The body looks the same, as does most of the add-ons

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BREATHTAKING Reef Aquarium! HD -104 Gallons

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Marco's Email- marco@pardun.cc This 104 gallon reef aquarium belongs to Marco Pardun of Dortmund, Germany. It is a room divider reef and it really is breathtaking. The equipment list is rounded out with a Bubble Magus Curve 5 protein skimmer, Jebao DC-3000 return pump, Jebao RW-8 wavemaker, Eheim Jager heater, DIY activated carbon and GFO reactor, and sump. The corals he has include a diverse variety of SPS and mix of assorted LPS, soft corals, and zoanthids. http://www.saltwatersmarts.com/marco-pardun-104-gallon-room-divider-triton-reef-tank-profile-4772/

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Reefs In Art: Stunning Blue Twisted Tentacles of Venomous Cnidocyte Edition

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Just had to share these absolutely face-melting images of these ethereal creatures – Physalia utriculus, Blue Bottle or (Indo-Pacific) Portuguese Man-of-War (not to be confused with Physalia physalis, Atlantic Portuguese Man o’ War).  These gorgeous yet threatening siphonophores were photographed by Matty Smith of New South Wales, Australia. While on the surface they may appear to be jellyfish, siphonophores are actually comprised of specialized colonies of animals called “zooids” that are simply physiologically incapable of existence without one another (awww). 301_0267-22What’s truly mesmerizing about these images is the “over/under” composition – their float gleaming above the surface against the landscape and clouds, while the electric blue tentacles drape across the deep – a marrying of both worlds that makes for something really uniquely incredible in terms of perspective. I implore you to take the time to check out more of Matty’s work – the UK born photographer has a serious attraction for creatures of the deep and an eye for light-play that results in some really beautiful imagery. 300_8361-2303_7500frogfishwaratah_anemonesweedy_sea_dragon2    … More:

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Toledo Zoo Aquarium Renovation—Update 14: Fish Start to Arrive, Grand Reopening Set for March 27

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Salties who have been following our updates on the Toledo Zoo Aquarium renovation these last few years will be excited to hear that the ambitious, $25.5 million project will soon be coming to fruition. Read on for the very latest from our friends at the Toledo Zoo.An epaulette shark gets accustomed to its new digs in the touch tank The Zoo’s innovative new Aquarium experience is slated to open on March 27 with incredible aquatic experiences like nothing else in the region. The Aquarium closed in October, 2012, for major renovations. Now that renovation of this historic Works Progress Administration (WPA)-era structure is complete, animals are starting to arrive, with key arrivals in the touch tanks and the Pacific Coral Reef exhibit. Epaulette sharks and southern stingrays are adjusting to the new quarters of their spacious touch tank, a dynamic encounter that brings visitors close to these amazing animals. Nearby, the first tropical reef fish have been introduced to the Pacific Coral Reef exhibit, a huge 90,000-gallon exhibit that will feature sleek sharks and Zoo divers who interact directly with visitors. This is the largest exhibit in the new Aquarium. Other animals will continue to arrive at the Aquarium and “graduate” to new exhibits after completing their quarantine requirements.

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*EXCLUSIVE* Unboxed: Red Sea REEFER™ 170 Aquarium System

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(light not included)Breaking the news of their launch back in November 2014 we’ve been eagerly anticipating the commercial release of Red Sea’s new REEFER line of rimless braceless aquaria, as we suspect have many of you! In advance of the imminent arrival of the first run we’ve managed to get our hands on the very first unit and in this unboxing review (of sorts) we’ll be taking a preliminary look at the key aspects of the set-up both aesthetic and functional. Whether or not you’ve placed an order already, are considering doing so, or are just plain interested in such a system for the future, we hope this review will prove useful and entertaining! Coming in 5 models ranging from 117 to 450l in total volume, we’ve got our hands on the Reefer 170 which is one model up from the nano (incidentally, note that the model number refers to the total litre volume of the system including sump and top up tanks).

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